Looking at the screenshot from the errors, this seems to be related to the cloudflareinsights stuff. This doesn't get loaded for me at all. Milovana is using cloudflare though. So this looks like cloudflare is injecting it for some users, probably based on location. It fails to load though, due to some policies set for EOS. They also seem to suppress the cors headers. I was wrong earlier as I looked at classical teases, these headers do get sent when the images are loaded in EOS due to different request headers.
The images as such can be loaded by the users though, just not in EOS. So it does not really make sense that this would be related to age verification. Someone with a VPN that can be set to a lot of locations, different countries but maybe also different US states, should try to test this hypothesis.
A workaround besides using a VPN could also be a tease downloader and then playing it offline.
Also there seemes to be a firefox extension:
https://addons.mozilla.org/de/firefox/a ... verywhere/
This allows you to disable CORS checks. If you disable it for media.milovana.org EOS should work.
WARNING: CORS and same origin policy are security features, disabling can allow websites you visit to access services on your device or local network. So make sure to configure this correctly.